References

Abbott, Andrew, and Angela Tsay. 2000. “Sequence Analysis and Optimal Matching Methods in Sociology: Review and Prospect.” Sociological Methods & Research 29 (1): 3–33.

Arribas-Bel, Dani, Mark Green, Francisco Rowe, and Alex Singleton. 2021. “Open Data Products-a Framework for Creating Valuable Analysis Ready Data.” Journal of Geographical Systems 23 (4): 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-021-00363-5.

Backman, Mikaela, Esteban Lopez, and Francisco Rowe. 2020. “The Occupational Trajectories and Outcomes of Forced Migrants in Sweden. Entrepreneurship, Employment or Persistent Inactivity?” Small Business Economics 56 (3): 963–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00312-z.

Bail, Christopher A., Lisa P. Argyle, Taylor W. Brown, et al. 2018. “Exposure to Opposing Views on Social Media Can Increase Political Polarization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (37): 9216–21. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115.

Bar, Michael, Moshe Hazan, Oksana Leukhina, David Weiss, and Hosny Zoabi. 2018. “Why Did Rich Families Increase Their Fertility? Inequality and Marketization of Child Care.” Journal of Economic Growth 23: 427–63.

Bishop, Christopher M. 2006. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. Information Science and Statistics. Springer.

Blei, David M, Andrew Y Ng, and Michael I Jordan. 2003. “Latent Dirichlet Allocation.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (Jan): 993–1022.

Boehmke, Brad. 2019. Hands-on Machine Learning with r. Chapter 9: Decision Trees. https://bradleyboehmke.github.io/HOML/DT.html.

Breiman, L. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees (1st Ed.). Routledge.

Brodeur, Abel, Andrew E Clark, Sarah Fleche, and Nattavudh Powdthavee. 2021. “COVID-19, Lockdowns and Well-Being: Evidence from Google Trends.” Journal of Public Economics 193: 104346.

Cabrera, Carmen, and Ruth Neville. 2025. “Widely Used but Barely Trusted: Understanding Student Perceptions on the Use of Generative AI in Higher Education.” Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, December 16, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2025.2595453.

Cabrera, Carmen, and Francisco Rowe. 2025. A Systematic Machine Learning Approach to Measure and Assess Biases in Mobile Phone Population Data. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2509.02603.

Cabrera-Arnau, Carmen, Chen Zhong, Michael Batty, Ricardo Silva, and Soong Moon Kang. 2022. Inferring Urban Polycentricity from the Variability in Human Mobility Patterns. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2212.03973.

Cadwalladr, Carole, and Emma Graham-Harrison. 2018. “Revealed: 50 Million Facebook Profiles Harvested for Cambridge Analytica in Major Data Breach.” The Guardian 17 (1): 22.

Card, David, and Alan Krueger. 1993. Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4509.

Cesare, Nina, Hedwig Lee, Tyler McCormick, Emma Spiro, and Emilio Zagheni. 2018. “Promises and Pitfalls of Using Digital Traces for Demographic Research.” Demography 55 (5): 1979–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0715-2.

Cheong, Pauline Hope, Rosalind Edwards, Harry Goulbourne, and John Solomos. 2007. “Immigration, Social Cohesion and Social Capital: A Critical Review.” Critical Social Policy 27 (1): 24–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018307072206.

Cinelli, Matteo, Walter Quattrociocchi, Alessandro Galeazzi, et al. 2020. “The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic.” Scientific Reports 10 (1): 1–10.

Cowper, Andy. 2020. “Covid-19: Are We Getting the Communications Right?” BMJ, March 6, m919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m919.

Dolega, Les, Francisco Rowe, and Emma Branagan. 2021. “Going Digital? The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Retail Website Traffic, Orders and Sales.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 60 (May): 102501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102501.

Elbagir, Shihab, and Jing Yang. 2020. “Sentiment Analysis on Twitter with Python’s Natural Language Toolkit and VADER Sentiment Analyzer.” IAENG Transactions on Engineering Sciences, ahead of print, January. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811215094_0005.

European Commission. 2019. 10 Trends Shaping Migration. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/aa25fb8f-10cc-11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1.

Faggian, Alessandra, Jonathan Corcoran, and Francisco Rowe. 2015. “Evaluating the Effects of Australian Policy Changes on Human Capital: The Role of a Graduate Visa Scheme.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 34 (1): 151–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774x15614755.

Fielding, A. J. 1992. “Migration and Social Mobility: South East England as an Escalator Region.” Regional Studies 26 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409212331346741.

Franklin, Rachel. 2022. “Quantitative Methods II: Big Theory.” Progress in Human Geography 47 (1): 178–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325221137334.

Fu, Hongqiao, Sian Tsuei, Yunting Zheng, et al. 2024. “Effects of Comprehensive Smoke-Free Legislation on Smoking Behaviours and Macroeconomic Outcomes in Shanghai, China: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis and Modelling Study.” The Lancet Public Health 9 (12): e1037–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00262-7.

Gabadinho, Alexis, Gilbert Ritschard, Nicolas S. Müller, and Matthias Studer. 2011. “Analyzing and Visualizing State Sequences inRwithTraMineR.” Journal of Statistical Software 40 (4). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v040.i04.

Gabadinho, Alexis, Gilbert Ritschard, Matthias Studer, and Nicolas S Müller. 2009. “Mining Sequence Data in r with the TraMineR Package: A User’s Guide.” Geneva: Department of Econometrics and Laboratory of Demography, University of Geneva.

Ghani, Norjihan Abdul, Suraya Hamid, Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem, and Ejaz Ahmed. 2019. “Social Media Big Data Analytics: A Survey.” Computers in Human Behavior 101 (December): 417–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.039.

González-Leonardo, Miguel, Niall Newsham, and Francisco Rowe. 2023. “Understanding Population Decline Trajectories in Spain Using Sequence Analysis.” Geographical Analysis, ahead of print, January 16. https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12357.

Goodman-Bacon, Andrew, and Jan Marcus. 2020. Using Difference-in-Differences to Identify Causal Effects of COVID-19 Policies.

Green, Mark, Frances Darlington Pollock, and Francisco Rowe. 2021. New Forms of Data and New Forms of Opportunities to Monitor and Tackle a Pandemic. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70179-6_56.

Hilbert, Martin, and Priscila López. 2011. “The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information.” Science 332 (6025): 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200970.

Home Affairs Committee. 2020. Oral evidence: Home Office preparedness for Covid-19 (Coronavirus), HC 232. House of Commons. https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/359/default/.

Hutto, C., and Eric Gilbert. 2014. “VADER: A Parsimonious Rule-Based Model for Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Text.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 8 (1): 216–25. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14550.

Kashyap, Ridhi, R. Gordon Rinderknecht, Aliakbar Akbaritabar, et al. 2022. Digital and Computational Demography. http://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/7bvpt.

Kaufman, Leonard, and Peter J Rousseeuw. 2009. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. John Wiley & Sons.

Kitchin, Rob. 2014. “Big Data, New Epistemologies and Paradigm Shifts.” Big Data & Society 1 (1): 205395171452848. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714528481.

Lazer, David, Alex Pentland, Lada Adamic, et al. 2009. “Computational Social Science.” Science 323 (5915): 721–23. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167742.

Lazer, David, Alex Pentland, Duncan J. Watts, et al. 2020. “Computational Social Science: Obstacles and Opportunities.” Science 369 (6507): 1060–62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8170.

Li, Haojie, Daniel J. Graham, and Arnab Majumdar. 2012. “The Effects of Congestion Charging on Road Traffic Casualties: A Causal Analysis Using Difference-in-Difference Estimation.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November): 366–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.02.013.

Liang, Hai, and King-wa Fu. 2015. “Testing Propositions Derived from Twitter Studies: Generalization and Replication in Computational Social Science.” PLOS ONE 10 (8): e0134270. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134270.

Marshall, Emily A. 2013. “Defining Population Problems: Using Topic Models for Cross-National Comparison of Disciplinary Development.” Poetics 41 (6): 701–24.

Newman, Mark. 2018. Networks / Mark Newman. Second edition. Oxford University Press.

Newsham, Niall, and Francisco Rowe. 2022a. Understanding the Trajectories of Population Decline Across Rural and Urban Europe: A Sequence Analysis. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2203.09798.

Newsham, Niall, and Francisco Rowe. 2022b. “Understanding Trajectories of Population Decline Across Rural and Urban Europe: A Sequence Analysis.” Population, Space and Place, ahead of print, December 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2630.

Ognyanova, K. 2016. Network Analysis with r and Igraph: NetSci x Tutorial. www.kateto.net/networks-r-igraph.

Patias, Nikos, Francisco Rowe, and Dani Arribas-Bel. 2021. “Trajectories of Neighbourhood Inequality in Britain: Unpacking Inter-Regional Socioeconomic Imbalances, 1971-2011.” The Geographical Journal 188 (2): 150–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12420.

Patias, Nikos, Francisco Rowe, Stefano Cavazzi, and Dani Arribas-Bel. 2021. “Sustainable Urban Development Indicators in Great Britain from 2001 to 2016.” Landscape and Urban Planning 214 (October): 104148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104148.

Petti, Samantha, and Abraham Flaxman. 2020. “Differential Privacy in the 2020 US Census: What Will It Do? Quantifying the Accuracy/Privacy Tradeoff.” Gates Open Research 3 (April): 1722. https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13089.2.

Prieto Curiel, Rafael, Carmen Cabrera-Arnau, and Steven Richard Bishop. 2022. “Scaling Beyond Cities.” Frontiers in Physics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.858307.

Rosa, H., N. Pereira, R. Ribeiro, et al. 2019. “Automatic Cyberbullying Detection: A Systematic Review.” Computers in Human Behavior 93 (April): 333–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.021.

Rowe, Francisco. 2021a. Big Data and Human Geography. http://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/phz3e.

Rowe, Francisco. 2021b. Using Twitter Data to Monitor Immigration Sentiment. http://dx.doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/sf7u4.

Rowe, Francisco. 2022a. “Introduction to Geographic Data Science.” Open Science Framework, ahead of print, August 3. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VHY2P.

Rowe, Francisco. 2022b. “Using Digital Footprint Data to Monitor Human Mobility and Support Rapid Humanitarian Responses.” Regional Studies, Regional Science 9 (1): 665–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2022.2135458.

Rowe, Francisco, and Dani Arribas-Bel. 2022. “Spatial Modelling for Data Scientists.” Open Science Framework, ahead of print, August 30. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8F6XR.

Rowe, Francisco, Jonathan Corcoran, and Martin Bell. 2016. “The Returns to Migration and Human Capital Accumulation Pathways: Non-Metropolitan Youth in the School-to-Work Transition.” The Annals of Regional Science 59 (3): 819–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0771-8.

Rowe, Francisco, Michael Mahony, Eduardo Graells-Garrido, Marzia Rango, and Niklas Sievers. 2021. “Using Twitter to Track Immigration Sentiment During Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Data & Policy 3. https://doi.org/10.1017/dap.2021.38.

Rowe, Francisco, Michael Mahony, Niklas Sievers, Marzia Rango, and Eduardo Graells-Garrido. 2021. “Sentiment towards Migration during COVID-19. What Twitter Data Can Tell Us.” IOM Publications.

Rowe, Francisco, Ruth Neville, and Miguel González-Leonardo. 2022. Sensing Population Displacement from Ukraine Using Facebook Data: Potential Impacts and Settlement Areas. http://dx.doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/7n6wm.

Salmela-Aro, Katariina, Noona Kiuru, Jari-Erik Nurmi, and Mervi Eerola. 2011. “Mapping Pathways to Adulthood Among Finnish University Students: Sequences, Patterns, Variations in Family- and Work-Related Roles.” Advances in Life Course Research 16 (1): 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2011.01.003.

Sarmiento, Luis, Nicole Wägner, and Aleksandar Zaklan. 2023. “The Air Quality and Well-Being Effects of Low Emission Zones.” Journal of Public Economics 227 (November): 105014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.105014.

Schleicher, Andreas. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Education: Insights from" Education at a Glance 2020".” OECD Publishing.

Sielge, Jullia, and David Robinson. 2022. Welcome to Text Mining with r. O’Reilly. https://www.tidytextmining.com.

Singleton, Alex, and Daniel Arribas-Bel. 2019. “Geographic Data Science.” Geographical Analysis 53 (1): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/gean.12194.

“Stop the Coronavirus Stigma Now.” 2020. Nature 580 (7802): 165–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01009-0.

Tatem, Andrew J. 2017. “WorldPop, Open Data for Spatial Demography.” Scientific Data 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.4.

Turok, Ivan, and Vlad Mykhnenko. 2007. “The Trajectories of European Cities, 19602005.” Cities 24 (3): 165–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2007.01.007.

Ugolini, Francesca, Luciano Massetti, Pedro Calaza-Martı́nez, et al. 2020. “Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use and Perceptions of Urban Green Space: An International Exploratory Study.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 56: 126888.

Wang, Yikang, Chen Zhong, Qili Gao, and Carmen Cabrera-Arnau. 2022. “Understanding Internal Migration in the UK Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Twitter Data.” Urban Informatics 1 (1): 15.

Wiggins, Alexandra, Ibraheem M. Karaye, and Jennifer A. Horney. 2020. “Medicaid Expansion and Infant Mortality, Revisited: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis.” Health Services Research 55 (3): 393–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13286.

Zagheni, Emilio, and Ingmar Weber. 2015. “Demographic Research with Non-Representative Internet Data.” International Journal of Manpower 36 (1): 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2014-0261.

Zhou, Muzhi, and Man-Yee Kan. 2021. “The Varying Impacts of COVID-19 and Its Related Measures in the UK: A Year in Review.” PLoS One 16 (9): e0257286.